The low efficiency of conventional vectors used for genetic medicines often means delivering them at high doses and by suboptimal routes, leading to inflammation, toxic side effects and limited ...

Directed Evolution (DE) is a method developed by Nobel laureate Frances Arnold to improve protein fitness for specific applications. However, DE can be less efficient when mutations show epistatic ...

Breakthrough directed evolution system boosts virus-like particles for safer, more efficient gene editing, offering a powerful tool for next-generation therapeutic innovations. Study: Directed ...

Among the hypotheses for how viruses came to be is that they started as self-replicating nucleic acids that co-opted host proteins for packaging and protection, leading eventually to the viral ...

To create A1 lipid nanoparticles for delivering mRNA to target cells, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania used A3 coupling. A3 refers to the amine–aldehyde–alkyne coupling reaction, which the ...

Redwood City, Calif. – May 20, 2004 – Verdia Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Maxygen, Inc. (Nasdaq: MAXY), announced today the publication in the journal Science of a study that describes the ...

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