This was obtained using the ape package and the contMap function in R, assuming Brownian motion as a model for trait evolution, and then interpolated along the branches of the tree. The color gradient ...

Vertebrate morphology exhibits remarkable diversity, reflecting a complex interplay of developmental processes, genetic regulation and environmental pressures. This variation arises from a combination ...

Skeletons of the early horse-relative Eohippus (left) and modern Equus (right). From Animals of the Past by Lucas. During the early 20th century many biologists were considering a variety of ...

Evolution can alter the ecological dynamics of communities, but the effects depend on the magnitudes of standing genetic variation in the evolving species. Using an eco-coevolutionary predator–prey ...

Beneath the scales that form the color palette on their wings, butterflies have a clear membrane that is as functional, if not as beautiful, as their flamboyant pigmentation. “Kids learn that if you ...

Digital evolution experiments show repeated environmental changes can push populations toward different long term outcomes.

The present theory offers a unified solution to three closely related evolutionary problems. (1) Why does an evolving population explore only a small fraction of the accessible pathways in genotype ...

A recent statistical study has revealed some of the constraints and directions in the evolution of the structure and function of proteins. Better models of protein structural dynamics may allow ...

What is culture? If you search for the meaning of this word, you will most likely come across a list. For example, you might learn that culture consists of the art, clothing, cuisine, language, skills ...